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Flavius Theodosius "The Last Games" Theodosius I the Great was the last emperor to rule both the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire. He reigned from 379 CE, initially alongside Gratian (until...

Marcus Opellius Severus Macrinus "Fides Militum – Loyalty of the Army" The first to rush to the bleeding Caracalla on the desert sands was the Praetorian Prefect Marcus Opellius Macrinus. He hailed from Caesarea...

Marcus Iulius Philippus "Roma Aeternae – The Eternal City" Philip I, known as Philip the Arab, hailed from Trachonitis, a region in southern Syria within the province of Arabia Petraea. During the reign of...

Marcus Piavonius Victorinus "The Gallic Dynasty" Originating from a wealthy Gallic family, he served in the army and eventually became a Praetorian tribune and consul of the Gallic Empire under the rule of Postumus....

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus „I did not waste time studying the mysteries of the heavens. (Meditations)” On February 26, 138 CE, the 17-year-old Marcus was adopted by the husband of his aunt, Emperor Antoninus Pius....

Flavius Claudius Constantinus "The Persecutor of Christians" Constantine II was the eldest son of Constantine I and his second wife, Fausta. He was born in Arles (renamed Constantia in his honor in 328 AD,...

Flavius Valerius Severus "The Abandoned Emperor" He was an officer in the Roman army and served for many years in Pannonia. On May 1, 305 CE, when Diocletian and Maximianus abdicated, Severus was appointed...

Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus "Imperium Galliarum" A Roman usurper during the reign of Emperor Gallienus, his rule was confined to the so-called Gallic Empire, which included the Roman territories of Gaul, Germania, Britain, and...

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus "Caracalla" In 213 CE, Caracalla left Rome, never to return. He embarked on a journey to the frontier in Germania. The target of the Roman military campaign was the Alamanni tribe,...

Marcus Iulius Severus Philippus "The Battle of Verona" Philip II was the son of the Roman Emperor Philip the Arab and Otacilia Severa. He was granted the title of Caesar in 244 CE (the...

Marcus Aurelius Claudius "Victoriae Gothic – Conqueror of the Goths" A soldier-emperor from Illyricum, who rose to the throne after the death of Gallienus. His short reign left a golden mark on Roman history....

Marcus Aurelius Carus "Defeated by Jupiter" In 282 CE, Probus was murdered by discontented soldiers. Marcus Aurelius Carus, an Illyrian prefect and praetorian commander, was proclaimed the new emperor. Carus defeated the Quadi and...

Gaius Julius Verus Maximinus "Germanicus Maximus!" Maximinus' political position, as someone not from the elite, was weak, and his power relied primarily on the army. In the summer of 235 CE, he crossed the...

Marcus Antonius Gordianus Sempronianus Romanus Africanus Augustus "20 Days of Glory" During the reign of Severus and Maximinus Thrax, Gordian served as governor of Proconsular Africa. He was proclaimed emperor by the aristocracy of...

Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus "Victoria Augustorum" Balbinus was a member of a wealthy aristocratic family. He served as consul twice and governed various provinces as a governor. In the spring of 238 CE, he...

Marcus Aurelius Marius "Empire in Cologne" A Roman usurper in the western part of the empire in 269 CE, Marius hailed from the lower social classes and was reportedly a craftsman by trade (a...

Quintus Herennius Etruscus Messius Decius "Battle of Abrittus" Herennius was the elder son of Emperor Decius and the brother of Hostilian. In 250 CE, he received the title of Caesar alongside his brother and...

Gaius Pescennius Niger Iustus "The Year of the Five Emperors" As a Roman general, Pescennius Niger was proclaimed emperor by his troops in the eastern province of Syria. He vied for the imperial throne...

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus "Augustus" After defeating the supporters of Pescennius Niger and destroying Byzantium, a confrontation arose between former allies—Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. Severus secured the Senate’s recognition of his son Caracalla as...

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus "Armeniacus – Conqueror of the Armenians" In late summer or autumn of 161 CE, Vologases IV of Parthia invaded and conquered the lands of the Roman client kingdom of Armenia. He...

SELEUKID KINGS OF SYRIA "Theos – The God" Antiochus Theos, after the death of his father, Antiochus I, became the ruler of the Seleucid Empire, which was still vast and largely intact. He spent...

Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximinus "The Fanatic" Despite his humble origins and lack of education, Maximinus II was said to support scholars and writers, surrounding himself with learned individuals. However, his primitive nature was significantly...

Titus Fulvius Iunius Macrianus "The Usurper in the East" Macrianus was a trusted associate of Emperor Valerian and participated in his campaign against Shapur I. According to accounts, he oversaw financial matters. Macrianus avoided...

OBVERSE: IMP PROBVS P F AVG REVERSE: ORIENS AVG - Sol walking left, right hand raised, left hand holding whip BUST TYPE: B = radiate, cuirassed bust right, with wide wreath ties of the...

Caius Norbanus " Gaius Norbanus" Gaius Norbanus was a praetor in 89 BCE and governor of Sicily. During the civil war between Marius and Sulla, he sided with Marius. In 83 BCE, the newly...

M. Junius Brutus "And you, child?" These were reportedly the final words of Caesar, spoken to Brutus as he participated in the assassination. Marcus Junius Brutus (85–42 BCE) was the son of Marcus Junius...

KINGS OF MACEDON "The Antigonid Dynasty" Antigonus I Monophthalmus (Greek: Antigonos Monophthalmos or Kyklops) (born c. 382 BCE, died 301 BCE) – a general of Alexander III, one of the Diadochi, father of Demetrius...

Flavius Julius Constans "The Usurper" His father was a Briton, and his mother was a Frank. His wife was Justina, who later married Valentinian I. Magnentius served as a comes commanding two legions, the...

Flavius Iulius Valens "The Missing" He was born in 328 CE in Cibalae (southern Pannonia). In 375 CE, Emperor Valentinian, brother of Valens, died suddenly, leaving two underage sons, Gratian and Valentinian II, as...

OBVERSE: IMP C M AVR PROBVS P F AVG REVERSE: SOLI INVICTO BUST TYPE: H2 = Radiate bust left in consular robe, holding eagle-tipped sceptre (scipio) FIELD / EXERGUE MARKS: CM//XXI WEIGHT: 4,23 g...

ENGLAND, King Henry III (1216-1272)  AR Penny, Long Cross coinage class 2b2 (18.03mm, 1.41g, 8h) Struck 1248-50. Canterbury mint Obverse: HENRICVS REX TERCI, crowned head of King Henry III facing Reverse: WIL-LEM ON C-ANT...

OBVERSE: PERPETVO IMP PROBO AVG REVERSE: SOLI INVICTO = Sol in spread quadriga, holding whip BUST TYPE: E1 = Radiate, cuirassed and helmeted bust left, holding spear and shield  FIELD / EXERGUE MARKS: -/-//KAB WEIGHT...

Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus "The Unwanted Successor" Diadumenian (born September 14, 208 CE, died June 218 CE) was the son of the Roman Emperor Macrinus. At just nine years old, he was proclaimed Caesar...

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus "Death at Carrhae" On April 8, 217 CE (four days after his 29th birthday), Caracalla was assassinated while traveling from Edessa to a temple near Carrhae. He was killed by an...

Publia Fulvia Plautilla Augusta "Damnatio Memoriae" Forced into marriage, Caracalla displayed open disdain for his wife and overt hatred for his father-in-law, Fulvius Plautianus, the prefect of the Praetorian Guard and a close confidant...

Gaius Vibius Afinius Gallus Veldumnianus Volusianus "Temple of Juno" Volusianus was the son of Emperor Trebonianus Gallus. In 251 CE, after Hostilian died due to a plague, Volusianus took his place as co-emperor alongside...

Iulia Aquilia Severa Augusta “The Priestess of Vesta” Julia Aquilia Severa was a Vestal Virgin. In 220 AD, she married the Roman Emperor Elogabalus. This caused immense controversy, as the traditional punishment for breaking...

Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus "Victoria Sarmatica – Victory over the Sarmatians" The Sarmatians had settled in the region known as Sarmatia, east of Germania and north of the immediate vicinity of the Danube. These...

Lucius Domitius Aurelianus "Sol Invictus" Aurelian implemented a monetary reform that increased the silver content in antoniniani. The emperor was a devoted worshiper of the sun god Sol Invictus ("Unconquered Sun") and constructed a...

Ulpia Severina Augusta  "The Woman Emperor" Ulpia Severina – a Roman empress, wife of Emperor Aurelian, and later a brief regent. Modern theories suggest she was the daughter of the general Ulpius Crinitus, a...

Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax "Parthicus Maximus!" Immediately after assuming power, Septimius Severus faced the rising strength of the Parthians. He left Rome and traveled east by sea. During the war (197–199), the Parthian capital...

Julia Domna Augusta "The Wife from the Horoscope" Severus heard of a woman in Syria whose horoscope predicted she would marry a king. He sought her out and married her. That woman was Julia...

Moneyer:   Octavian Denomination:  Denarius Obverse:  Laureate bust of Apollo Actius right, with features of Octavian / Octavian Reverse: Octavian, as the city founder of Nicopolis at the site of the battle of Actium,...

AR Denarius (Rome, 101 BC) O/ Helmeted head of Roma right; control-mark behind. R/ Triumphator in quadriga right, holding laurel-branch and staff; rider holding laurel-branch on near horse; Q above; C FVNDAN in exergue. 3.97g; 18mm Crawford...

Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus "The Black Death" Hostilian was the younger son of Emperor Decius and the brother of Herennius Decius. In 250 CE, he was appointed Caesar by his father, like his...

Marcus Aurelius Carinus "The Last Princeps" In the summer of 282 CE, Carinus was appointed Caesar alongside his younger brother Numerian by their father, Carus, and was granted the honorary title Princeps Iuventutis ....

Allectus "The Recaptured Londinium" Allectus, a self-proclaimed Roman emperor in Britain, he served as the minister of finance for the usurper Carausius. Constantius Chlorus, who became Caesar on March 1, 293, was tasked with...

KINGS OF BITHYNIA "Caesar Enslaved Gaul, but Nicomedes Enslaved Caesar" This was a chant allegedly sung by Caesar's legionaries during his triumph in Rome. In 80 BCE, the 20-year-old Julius Caesar served in Asia Minor...

Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Peter Leopold I - 1765-1790 (Futur Emperor Leopold II 1790-1792) Country: Tuscany (Italian states) Type: Standard circulation coin Year: 1785 (1778-1790) Value: 1 Soldo (1/20) Mint: Firenze Currency: Lira (1601-1826)...

Country: Game Tokens, United KingdomQueen Victoria (1837-1901)Type: Token,Years: Not Dated (ca.1899-1900')Currency: TokenComposition: BronzeGrade: VF/XFWeight: 2.3 gDiameter: 18.5 mmThickness: 1 mmShape: RoundOrientation: Medal alignment ↑↑ Obverse:Frontal bust of Prince Edward as a child in sailor costume....